From 9e93b317926accafd11d3bb4df4b603f7138c1b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Anson Date: Mon, 5 Apr 2021 22:46:20 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] kinda finished air prop page --- .../air-propulsion-simulation.Rmd | 33 +- .../air-propulsion-simulation.html | 27 +- _posts/welcome/welcome.Rmd | 26 - _posts/welcome/welcome.html | 1500 ------ .../welcome_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js | 9 - .../welcome_files/bowser-1.9.3/bowser.min.js | 6 - .../distill-2.2.21/template.v2.js | 744 --- .../header-attrs-2.7/header-attrs.js | 12 - .../welcome_files/jquery-1.11.3/jquery.min.js | 5 - .../welcome_files/popper-2.6.0/popper.min.js | 6 - .../tippy-6.2.7/tippy-bundle.umd.min.js | 2 - .../tippy-6.2.7/tippy-light-border.css | 1 - .../welcome_files/tippy-6.2.7/tippy.css | 1 - .../tippy-6.2.7/tippy.umd.min.js | 2 - .../webcomponents-2.0.0/webcomponents.js | 236 - _site.yml | 5 +- docs/BingSiteAuth.xml | 4 - docs/about.html | 1 - docs/citations.bib | 65 +- docs/index.html | 4584 ++++++++--------- docs/index.xml | 22 + .../index.html | 48 +- docs/posts/posts.json | 21 +- docs/posts/welcome/index.html | 2121 -------- docs/search.json | 8 +- docs/sitemap.xml | 15 + 26 files changed, 2452 insertions(+), 7052 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome.Rmd delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome.html delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/bowser-1.9.3/bowser.min.js delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/distill-2.2.21/template.v2.js delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/header-attrs-2.7/header-attrs.js delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/jquery-1.11.3/jquery.min.js delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/popper-2.6.0/popper.min.js delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/tippy-6.2.7/tippy-bundle.umd.min.js delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/tippy-6.2.7/tippy-light-border.css delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/tippy-6.2.7/tippy.css delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/tippy-6.2.7/tippy.umd.min.js delete mode 100644 _posts/welcome/welcome_files/webcomponents-2.0.0/webcomponents.js delete mode 100644 docs/BingSiteAuth.xml create mode 100644 docs/index.xml delete mode 100644 docs/posts/welcome/index.html create mode 100644 docs/sitemap.xml diff --git a/_posts/2021-04-01-air-propulsion-simulation/air-propulsion-simulation.Rmd b/_posts/2021-04-01-air-propulsion-simulation/air-propulsion-simulation.Rmd index ea0e758..81df251 100644 --- a/_posts/2021-04-01-air-propulsion-simulation/air-propulsion-simulation.Rmd +++ b/_posts/2021-04-01-air-propulsion-simulation/air-propulsion-simulation.Rmd @@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ categories: - Julia - Capstone bibliography: ../../citations.bib +creative_commons: CC BY --- -For my team was tasked with designing a system capable of moving mining equipment and materials around the surface of the Moon using a propolsive landing. The system had to be tested on earth with something that was feasible for our team to build in 2 semesters. One of the first considerations my capstone advisor wanted was to test the feasibility of an air propulsion system instead of the obvious solution that of using solid rocket motors. This document is really just _napkin math_ to determine if the system is even feasibly and is not mean't to be a rigorous study of an air propulsion system which would easily keep a capstone team busy by itself. +For Capstone my team was tasked with designing a system capable of moving mining equipment and materials around the surface of the Moon using a propulsive landing. The system had to be tested on Earth with something feasible for our team to build in 2 semesters. One of the first considerations my capstone advisor wanted was to test the feasibility of an air propulsion system instead of the obvious solution that of using solid rocket motors. This document is just _napkin math_ to determine if the system is even feasibly and is not meant to be a rigorous study of an air propulsion system that would easily keep a capstone team busy by itself. ```{r setup, include=FALSE} knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE, results = 'hide') @@ -36,12 +37,13 @@ using DataFrames using Measurements using Measurements: value, uncertainty using CSV + ``` ## The Simulation -An off the shelf paintball gun tank was used for the pressure vessel. This was chosen because they are very high pressure for their weight, and are designed to be bumped around. +I chose an off-the-shelf paintball gun tank for the pressure vessel. The primary consideration was the incredible pressure to weight ratio, and the fact that it is designed to be bumped around would be necessary for proving the safety of the system further into the project. ```{julia} # Tank https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Paintball-BASICS-Pressure-Compressed/dp/B07B6M48SR/ @@ -49,17 +51,19 @@ V = (85 ± 5)u"inch^3" P0 = (4200.0 ± 300)u"psi" Wtank = (2.3 ± 0.2)u"lb" Pmax = (250 ± 50)u"psi" # Max Pressure that can come out the nozzle + ``` -The nozzle diameter was changed until the air prop system had a _burn time_ similar to a G18ST rocket motor. +The nozzle diameter was changed until the air prop system had a _burn time_ similar to a G18ST rocket motor. The propulsion system's total impulse is not dependant on the nozzle diameter, so this was just done to make it plot nicely with the rest of the rocket motors since, at this time, it is unknown what the optimal thrust profile is. ```{julia} # Params d_nozzle = ((1 // 18) ± 0.001)u"inch" a_nozzle = (pi / 4) * d_nozzle^2 + ``` -These are just universal values for what a normal day would look like in Arizona. [@cengel_thermodynamics] +These are just universal values for what a typical day would look like during the summer in Northern Arizona. [@cengel_thermodynamics] ```{julia} # Universal Stuff @@ -67,16 +71,17 @@ P_amb = (1 ± 0.2)u"atm" γ = 1.4 ± 0.05 R = 287.05u"J/(kg * K)" T = (300 ± 20)u"K" + ``` -The actual simulation is actually quite simple. The basic idea is that using the current pressure you can calculate $\dot{m}$, which allows calculating the Thrust, and then you can just subtract the current mass of air in the tank by $\dot{m}$ and recalculate pressure using the new mass then repeat the whole process. +The actual simulation is quite simple. The basic idea is that using the current pressure, you can calculate $\dot{m}$, which allows calculating the Thrust, and then you can subtract the current mass of air in the tank by $\dot{m}$ and recalculate pressure using the new mass then repeat the whole process. The bulk of the equations in the simulation came from [@cengel_thermodynamics], while the Thrust and $v_e$ equations came from [@sutton_rocket_2001, eq: 2-14]. $$ T = \dot{m} \cdot v_\text{Exit} + A_\text{Nozzle} \cdot (P - P_\text{Ambient}) $$ -The initial pressure difference is `r julia_eval("P0 - P_amb |> u\"psi\"")` which is absolutely massive so the area of the nozzle greatly affects the simulation. The paintball tanks do come with pressure regulators, in our case 800 psi which is still a very large number compared to atmospheric pressure. While the total impulse of the system doesn't really change with different nozzle areas the peak thrust and _burn time_ vary greatly. One of the benefits of doing air propulsion, and the reason it was even considered so seriously, is that it should be possible to vary the nozzle diameter in flight which would make controlled landing much easier. +The initial pressure difference is `r julia_eval("P0 - P_amb |> u\"psi\"")`, which is massive, so the area of the nozzle significantly alters the thrust profile. The paintball tanks come with pressure regulators, in our case, 800 psi which is still a huge number compared to atmospheric pressure. While the total impulse of the system doesn't change with different nozzle areas, the peak thrust and _burn time_ vary greatly. One of the benefits of doing air propulsion and the reason it was even considered so seriously is that it should be possible to change the nozzle diameter in flight, allowing thrust to be throttled, making controlled landing easier to control. ```{julia} df = let @@ -104,12 +109,13 @@ df = DataFrame(Thrust=(0 ± 0)u"N", Pressure=P0, Time=0.0u"s", Mass=M) end df end + ``` ## Analysis -Heres the results plotted. Notice the massive error once the tank starts running low. This is because the calculation for pressure has a lot of variables that are very uncertain. This is mostly due to air being a compressible fluid which is what makes this simulation so difficult to do accurately. The thrust being below 0 N might not make intuitive sense, but its technically possible for the pressure to compress which would leave the inside of the rocket nozzle with a pressure thats actually below atmospheric pressure. The effect would likely last a fraction of a second but the point stands that this simulation is very inaccurate and only meant to get an idea of what an air propulsion system is capable of. +Below in figure 1, the result of the simulation is plotted. Notice the massive error once the tank starts running low. This is because the calculation for pressure has a lot of very uncertain variables. This is primarily due to air being a compressible fluid, making this simulation challenging to do accurately. The thrust being below 0 N might not make intuitive sense, but it's technically possible for the pressure to compress, leaving the inside of the rocket nozzle with a pressure that's actually below atmospheric pressure. The effect would likely last a fraction of a second, but the point stands that this simulation is wildly inaccurate and only meant to get an idea of what an air propulsion system is capable of. ```{julia, code_folding=TRUE, results='show',layout="l-body-outset", fig.cap = "Air Proplsion Simulation"} @@ -127,12 +133,12 @@ plot(df.Time .|> ustrip, thrust_values, ylabel="Thrust (N)", size = (1200, 800), ) + ``` +In Figure 2, the air propulsion simulation is compared to commercially available rocket motors. This early in the project, we have no idea whether short burns or longer burns are ideal for a propulsive landing, so the air propulsion system was compared to a variety of different motors with unique profiles. -In Figure 2, the air propulsion simulation is compared to commercially available rocket motors. This early in the project we have no idea whether short burns or longer burns are ideal for a propulsive landing so the air propulsion system was compared to a variety of different motors. - -```{julia, code_folding=TRUE, results='show',layout="l-body-outset",fig.cap= "Rocket Motor Data: [@thrustcurve]"} +```{julia, code_folding=TRUE, results='show',layout="l-body-outset",fig.cap= "Rocket Motor Data: [@thrustcurve]", preview=TRUE } f10 = CSV.read("AeroTech_F10.csv", DataFrame); f15 = CSV.read("Estes_F15.csv", DataFrame); @@ -148,8 +154,13 @@ end title!("Propulsion Comparison"); xlabel!("Time (s)"); ylabel!("Thrust (N)") + ``` +In the end, the air propulsion system's performance has a very impressive total impulse and, with more time and resources, could be a serious option for a propulsive landing on Earth. One of the largest abstractions from the Moon mission that the mission here on Earth will have to deal with is the lack of Throttling engines since any propulsion system outside of model rocket motors is well beyond the scope of this Capstone. + +## Future Work + +After determining that solid model rocket motors are the best option for the current mission scope, the next step is determining what motor to use. There are many great options, and deciding what thrust profile is ideal may have to wait until a Simulink simulation of the landing can be built so that the metrics of each motor can be constrained more. Instead of throttling motors, the current working idea is that thrust vector control may be a way to squeeze a little more control out of a solid rocket motor. Thrust Vector Control will undoubtedly be challenging to control, so another essential piece that needs exploring is whether an LQR controller is feasible or if a PID controller is accurate enough to control our system. -Big conclusion about things. diff --git a/_posts/2021-04-01-air-propulsion-simulation/air-propulsion-simulation.html b/_posts/2021-04-01-air-propulsion-simulation/air-propulsion-simulation.html index c65db12..fa80bb5 100644 --- a/_posts/2021-04-01-air-propulsion-simulation/air-propulsion-simulation.html +++ b/_posts/2021-04-01-air-propulsion-simulation/air-propulsion-simulation.html @@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ code span.wa { color: #5e5e5e; font-style: italic; } /* Warning */ + @@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ code span.wa { color: #5e5e5e; font-style: italic; } /* Warning */ @@ -1483,7 +1484,7 @@ code span.wa { color: #5e5e5e; font-style: italic; } /* Warning */
-

For my team was tasked with designing a system capable of moving mining equipment and materials around the surface of the Moon using a propolsive landing. The system had to be tested on earth with something that was feasible for our team to build in 2 semesters. One of the first considerations my capstone advisor wanted was to test the feasibility of an air propulsion system instead of the obvious solution that of using solid rocket motors. This document is really just napkin math to determine if the system is even feasibly and is not mean’t to be a rigorous study of an air propulsion system which would easily keep a capstone team busy by itself.

+

For Capstone my team was tasked with designing a system capable of moving mining equipment and materials around the surface of the Moon using a propulsive landing. The system had to be tested on Earth with something feasible for our team to build in 2 semesters. One of the first considerations my capstone advisor wanted was to test the feasibility of an air propulsion system instead of the obvious solution that of using solid rocket motors. This document is just napkin math to determine if the system is even feasibly and is not meant to be a rigorous study of an air propulsion system that would easily keep a capstone team busy by itself.

@@ -1501,7 +1502,7 @@ Show code

The Simulation

-

An off the shelf paintball gun tank was used for the pressure vessel. This was chosen because they are very high pressure for their weight, and are designed to be bumped around.

+

I chose an off-the-shelf paintball gun tank for the pressure vessel. The primary consideration was the incredible pressure to weight ratio, and the fact that it is designed to be bumped around would be necessary for proving the safety of the system further into the project.

# Tank https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Paintball-BASICS-Pressure-Compressed/dp/B07B6M48SR/
 V = (85 ± 5)u"inch^3"
@@ -1509,13 +1510,13 @@ Show code
 Wtank = (2.3 ± 0.2)u"lb"
 Pmax = (250 ± 50)u"psi" # Max Pressure that can come out the nozzle
-

The nozzle diameter was changed until the air prop system had a burn time similar to a G18ST rocket motor.

+

The nozzle diameter was changed until the air prop system had a burn time similar to a G18ST rocket motor. The propulsion system’s total impulse is not dependant on the nozzle diameter, so this was just done to make it plot nicely with the rest of the rocket motors since, at this time, it is unknown what the optimal thrust profile is.

# Params
 d_nozzle = ((1 // 18) ± 0.001)u"inch"
 a_nozzle = (pi / 4) * d_nozzle^2
-

These are just universal values for what a normal day would look like in Arizona. (Çengel and Boles 2015)

+

These are just universal values for what a typical day would look like during the summer in Northern Arizona. (Çengel and Boles 2015)

# Universal Stuff
 P_amb = (1 ± 0.2)u"atm"
@@ -1523,10 +1524,10 @@ Show code
 R = 287.05u"J/(kg * K)"
 T = (300 ± 20)u"K"
-

The actual simulation is actually quite simple. The basic idea is that using the current pressure you can calculate \(\dot{m}\), which allows calculating the Thrust, and then you can just subtract the current mass of air in the tank by \(\dot{m}\) and recalculate pressure using the new mass then repeat the whole process.

+

The actual simulation is quite simple. The basic idea is that using the current pressure, you can calculate \(\dot{m}\), which allows calculating the Thrust, and then you can subtract the current mass of air in the tank by \(\dot{m}\) and recalculate pressure using the new mass then repeat the whole process.

The bulk of the equations in the simulation came from (Çengel and Boles 2015), while the Thrust and \(v_e\) equations came from (Sutton and Biblarz 2001, eq: 2-14).

\[ T = \dot{m} \cdot v_\text{Exit} + A_\text{Nozzle} \cdot (P - P_\text{Ambient}) \]

-

The initial pressure difference is 4190.0 ± 300.0 psi which is absolutely massive so the area of the nozzle greatly affects the simulation. The paintball tanks do come with pressure regulators, in our case 800 psi which is still a very large number compared to atmospheric pressure. While the total impulse of the system doesn’t really change with different nozzle areas the peak thrust and burn time vary greatly. One of the benefits of doing air propulsion, and the reason it was even considered so seriously, is that it should be possible to vary the nozzle diameter in flight which would make controlled landing much easier.

+

The initial pressure difference is 4190.0 ± 300.0 psi, which is massive, so the area of the nozzle significantly alters the thrust profile. The paintball tanks come with pressure regulators, in our case, 800 psi which is still a huge number compared to atmospheric pressure. While the total impulse of the system doesn’t change with different nozzle areas, the peak thrust and burn time vary greatly. One of the benefits of doing air propulsion and the reason it was even considered so seriously is that it should be possible to change the nozzle diameter in flight, allowing thrust to be throttled, making controlled landing easier to control.

df = let
 t = 0.0u"s"
@@ -1555,7 +1556,7 @@ Show code
 end

Analysis

-

Heres the results plotted. Notice the massive error once the tank starts running low. This is because the calculation for pressure has a lot of variables that are very uncertain. This is mostly due to air being a compressible fluid which is what makes this simulation so difficult to do accurately. The thrust being below 0 N might not make intuitive sense, but its technically possible for the pressure to compress which would leave the inside of the rocket nozzle with a pressure thats actually below atmospheric pressure. The effect would likely last a fraction of a second but the point stands that this simulation is very inaccurate and only meant to get an idea of what an air propulsion system is capable of.

+

Below in figure 1, the result of the simulation is plotted. Notice the massive error once the tank starts running low. This is because the calculation for pressure has a lot of very uncertain variables. This is primarily due to air being a compressible fluid, making this simulation challenging to do accurately. The thrust being below 0 N might not make intuitive sense, but it’s technically possible for the pressure to compress, leaving the inside of the rocket nozzle with a pressure that’s actually below atmospheric pressure. The effect would likely last a fraction of a second, but the point stands that this simulation is wildly inaccurate and only meant to get an idea of what an air propulsion system is capable of.

@@ -1584,7 +1585,7 @@ Figure 1: Air Proplsion Simulation

-

In Figure 2, the air propulsion simulation is compared to commercially available rocket motors. This early in the project we have no idea whether short burns or longer burns are ideal for a propulsive landing so the air propulsion system was compared to a variety of different motors.

+

In Figure 2, the air propulsion simulation is compared to commercially available rocket motors. This early in the project, we have no idea whether short burns or longer burns are ideal for a propulsive landing, so the air propulsion system was compared to a variety of different motors with unique profiles.

@@ -1607,13 +1608,15 @@ Show code ylabel!("Thrust (N)")
-Rocket Motor Data: [@thrustcurve] +Rocket Motor Data: [@thrustcurve]

Figure 2: Rocket Motor Data: (Coker, n.d.)

-

Big conclusion about things.

+

In the end, the air propulsion system’s performance has a very impressive total impulse and, with more time and resources, could be a serious option for a propulsive landing on Earth. One of the largest abstractions from the Moon mission that the mission here on Earth will have to deal with is the lack of Throttling engines since any propulsion system outside of model rocket motors is well beyond the scope of this Capstone.

+

Future Work

+

After determining that solid model rocket motors are the best option for the current mission scope, the next step is determining what motor to use. There are many great options, and deciding what thrust profile is ideal may have to wait until a Simulink simulation of the landing can be built so that the metrics of each motor can be constrained more. Instead of throttling motors, the current working idea is that thrust vector control may be a way to squeeze a little more control out of a solid rocket motor. Thrust Vector Control will undoubtedly be challenging to control, so another essential piece that needs exploring is whether an LQR controller is feasible or if a PID controller is accurate enough to control our system.

@@ -1651,6 +1654,8 @@ Sutton, George P., and Oscar Biblarz. 2001. Rocket Propulsion Elements.

Corrections

If you see mistakes or want to suggest changes, please create an issue on the source repository.

+

Reuse

+

Text and figures are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0. Source code is available at https://gitlab.com/lander-team/air-prop-simulation, unless otherwise noted. The figures that have been reused from other sources don't fall under this license and can be recognized by a note in their caption: "Figure from ...".

diff --git a/_posts/welcome/welcome.Rmd b/_posts/welcome/welcome.Rmd deleted file mode 100644 index 2b851db..0000000 --- a/_posts/welcome/welcome.Rmd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: "Welcome to Anson's Projects" -description: | - Welcome to our new blog, Anson's Projects. We hope you enjoy - reading what we have to say! -author: - - name: Nora Jones - url: https://example.com/norajones - affiliation: Spacely Sprockets - affiliation_url: https://example.com/spacelysprokets -date: 04-01-2021 -output: - distill::distill_article: - self_contained: false ---- - -```{r setup, include=FALSE} -knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE) - -# Learn more about creating blogs with Distill at: -# https://rstudio.github.io/distill/blog.html - -``` - - - diff --git a/_posts/welcome/welcome.html b/_posts/welcome/welcome.html deleted file mode 100644 index 0af1b75..0000000 --- a/_posts/welcome/welcome.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1500 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Welcome to Anson's Projects - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-

Welcome to Anson’s Projects

- - -

Welcome to our new blog, Anson’s Projects. We hope you enjoy reading what we have to say!

-
- -
- Nora Jones https://example.com/norajones (Spacely Sprockets)https://example.com/spacelysprokets - -
04-01-2021 -
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